एचवीडीसी परियोजनाओं की सूची

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यह उल्लेखनीय हाई-वोल्टेज डायरेक्ट करंट|हाई-वोल्टेज डायरेक्ट-करंट पावर ट्रांसमिशन प्रोजेक्ट्स की सूची है।

लंबी दूरी के प्रसारण के लिए एचवीडीसी परियोजनाओं में दो (या शायद ही कभी, अधिक) कनवर्टर स्टेशन होते हैं और एक ट्रांसमिशन लाइन उन्हें आपस में जोड़ती है। आमतौर पर ओवरहेड लाइनों का उपयोग विद्युत इंटरकनेक्टर के लिए किया जाता है, लेकिन एचवीडीसी परियोजनाओं का एक महत्वपूर्ण वर्ग पनडुब्बी पावर केबल्स का उपयोग करता है। बैक-टू-बैक स्टेशन में कोई ट्रांसमिशन लाइन नहीं है और दो एसी ग्रिड को अलग-अलग फ्रीक्वेंसी या फेज काउंट पर जोड़ता है। ऐतिहासिक एचवीडीसी प्रणालियों ने मोटर-जनरेटरों की रेने थ्यूरी प्रणाली का उपयोग किया था, लेकिन इन सभी को पारा-चाप वाल्व (अब अप्रचलित), थाइरिस्टर्स, और विद्युत रोधित गेट द्विध्रुवी ट्रांजिस्टर पावर ट्रांजिस्टर जैसे बाद के विकास से अप्रचलित बना दिया गया है।

लीजेंड

रेखा प्रकार:

थ्यूरी = रेने थ्यूरी द्वारा डिज़ाइन किए गए श्रृंखला से जुड़े जेनरेटर
मर्क = पारा-चाप वाल्व रेक्टिफायर और इन्वर्टर
थाइर = thyristor रेक्टीफायर और इन्वर्टर
IGBT = इंसुलेटेड-गेट बाइपोलर ट्रांजिस्टर

रेखा की स्थिति:

Existing

Under construction

Planned

Decommissioned

अफ्रीका

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Cahora Bassa	Mozambique - Songo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	South Africa - Apollo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1420 (0/1420)	533	1920	1979	Thyr	First HVDC with Project up to 500kV Siemens and ABB refurb 2013-2014	^[1]^[2]^[3]
Inga-Shaba	Congo, The Democratic Republic of the - Kolwezi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Congo, The Democratic Republic of the - Inga Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1700 (0/1700)	500	560	1982	Thyr	Upgraded in 2014 Supplier: ABB, General Electric	^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]
Caprivi Link	Namibia - Gerus Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Namibia - Zambezi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	950 (0/950)	350	300	2010	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[7]
Ethiopia–Kenya HVDC Interconnector	Ethiopia - Wolayta Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Kenya - Suswa Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1045 (0/1045)	500	2000	On going (2022)	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens
Morocco - UK Power Project	Morocco - Guelmim-Oued Noun region	UK - Alverdiscott, Devon	3800		3600	Proposed (2022)		Supplier: Xlinks	^[8]^[9]

ऑस्ट्रेलिया और ओशिनिया

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Inter-Island 1	New Zealand - Benmore Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	New Zealand - Haywards Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	611 (40/571)	270	600	1965	Merc	Built as 250 kV 600 MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB	^[1]
HVDC Inter-Island 2	New Zealand - Benmore Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	New Zealand - Haywards Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	611 (40/571)	350	700	1992	Thyr	Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Terranora interconnector (Directlink)	Australia - Mullumbimby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Australia - Bungalora Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	59 (59/0)	80	180	2000	IGBT	Land cable Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Murraylink	Australia - Red Cliffs Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Australia - Berri Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	176 (176/0)	150	200	2002	IGBT	Underground XLPE cable Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Basslink	Australia - Loy Yang Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Australia - George Town Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	370 (298/72)	400	500	2006	Thyr	One of the longest HVDC cable in operation Supplier: Siemens	^[1]^[10]^[11]
HVDC Inter-Island 3	New Zealand - Benmore Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	New Zealand - Haywards Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	611 (40/571)	350	735	2013	Thyr	Positive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2 Supplier: Siemens	^[12]
Australia–ASEAN Power Link	Australia - Darwin	Singapore	4200 undersea 800 overland			2027		aka Sun Cable
Marinus link	Australia - Burnie	Australia - Latrobe Valley	Approximately 340 (90/250)		750 + 750	late 2020s			^[13]

एशिया

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Hokkaido - Honshu	Japan - Hakodate Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Japan - Kamikita Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	193 (44/149)	250	300	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba	^[1]
Zhou Shan	China - Ningbo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Gao Tongge Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	54 (12/42)	100	50	1982	Thyr		^[1]
Gezhouba - Shanghai	China - Gezhouba Dam Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Nan Qiao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1046 (0/1046)	500	1200	1989	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track Supplier: ABB, Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[14]
Sileru-Barsoor	India - Sileru Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Barsoor Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	196 (0/196)	200	100	1989	Thyr	Supplier: BHEL	^[1]
Ekibastuz–Tambov	Kazakhstan - Ekibastuz Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Russia - Tambov Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	2414 (0/2414)	750	6000	-	Thyr	Construction sites abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union, line was never completed
Rihand-Delhi	India - Rihand Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Dadri Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	814 (0/814)	500	1500	1990	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, BHEL	^[15]
Haenam-Cheju	South Korea - Haenam Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	South Korea - Jeju Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	101 (101/0)	180	300	1996	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom	^[1]
Leyte - Luzon	Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	451 (21/430)	350	440	1998	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Marubeni HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[1]
Chandrapur-Padghe	India - Chandrapur Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Padghe Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	752 (0/752)	500	1500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[16]
Kii Channel	Japan - Anan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Japan - Kihoku Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	100 (50/50)	250	1400	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi	^[1]
Tian-Guang	China - Tianshengqiao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Beijiao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	960 (0/960)	500	1800	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[1]
Thailand-Malaysia	Thailand - Khlong Ngae Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Malaysia - Gurun Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	110 (0/110)	300	300	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Shengsi	China - Shengsi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Anabasis Sizu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	66.2 (63.21/2.99)	50	60	2002	Thyr	^[17]
Talcher-Kolar	India - Talcher, Odisha Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Kolar, Karnataka Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1450 (0/1450)	500	2500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Three Gorges - Changzhou	China - Longquan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Zhengping Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	890 (0/890)	500	3000	2003	Thyr	From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai	^[1]^[18]^[19]
Guizhou - Guangdong I	China - Anshun, Guizhou Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	980 (0/980)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Three Gorges - Guangdong	China - Jingzhou Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Huizhou Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	940 (0/940)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[20]
Three Gorges - Shanghai	China - Yidu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Shanghai Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1060 (0/1060)	500	3000	2006	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[21]
Guizhou - Guangdong II	China - Xingren Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Shenzhen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1200 (0/1200)	500	3000	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong	^[1]
Ballia - Bhiwadi	India - Ballia Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Bhiwadi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	800 (0/800)	500	2500	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Baoji - Deyang	China - Baoji Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Denyang Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	574 (0/574)	500	3000	2010	Thyr		???
Hulunbeir - Liaoning	China - Hulunbeir Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Shenyang Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	920 (0/920)	500	3000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[22]
Xiangjiaba-Shanghai	China - Fulong Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Fengxia Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1980 (0/1980)	800	6400	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[23]
Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Yunnan province Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Zengcheng Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1418 (0/1418)	800	5000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II highlight: worldwide first dc 800kv hvdc application	^[1]
Hubei - Shanghai	China - Jingmen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Fenjing Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	970 (0/970)	500	3000	2011	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou	???
Nanhui Wind Farm Integration	China	China	8.4 (8.4/0)	30	18	2011	IGBT	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd	^[24]
Ningdong - Shandong	China - Yinchuan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Qingdao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1335 (0/1335)	660	4000	2011	Thyr	Supplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd	^[1]
Qinghai - Tibet	China - Geermu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Lhasa Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1038 (0/1038)	400	1500	2011	Thyr	Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level Supplier: CET, SGCC	^[1]
Mundra - Haryana	India - Mundra Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Mohindergarh Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	960 (0/960)	500	2500	2012	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Dalian City Infeed	China - Dalian North	China - Dalian South	43 (43/0)	320	1000	2013	IGBT		^[25]
Jinping - Sunan	China - Jinping Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Suzhou Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	2090 (0/2090)	800	7200	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd ACC Provided by NR Electric in Jinping Converter Station	^[26]
Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC	China - Sucheng Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Jinniu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; China - Qingao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	32 (10/32)	±160	200/100/50	2013	IEGT/IGBT	SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers.	^[27]^[28]
Nuozhadu - Guangdong	China - Nuozhadu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Jiangmen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1413	800	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Xiluodo - Guangdong	China - Zhaotong Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Conghua Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1286 (0/1286)	500	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Hami - Zhengzhou	China-Hami Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China-Zhengzhou Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	2210	800	8000	2014	Thyr	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]
Jindo - Jeju	South Korea - Jindo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	South Korea - Jeju Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	105 (105/0)	250	400	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables).	^[1]^[35]^[36]
Xiluodo - West Zhejiang	China - Xiluodu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Jinghua Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1680	800	8000	2014	Thyr	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd	???
Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection	China - Zhoushan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Qushan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ; China - Daishan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ; China - Yangshan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ; China - Sijiao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	134 (134/0)	±200	400	2014	IGBT	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	^[37]
Humeng - Shandong	China	China		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Irkutsk - Beijing	Russia - Irkutsk	China - Beijing		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Champa-Kurukshetra	India - Champa	India - Kurukshetra	1365 (0/1365)	800	2 x 3000	2016	Thyr	2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom	^[38]
Goupitan - Guangdong	China	China			3000	2016	Thyr		???
Jinsha River II - East China	China	China		800	6400	2016	Thyr		???
North-East	India - Agra Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Biswanath Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1728 (0/1728)	800	6000	2016	Thyr	Will supply electricity to serve 90 million people Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.) Supplier: ABB	^[39]
Inner Mongolia - Linyi	China - Shizhustan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Linyi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Jiuquan- Xiangtan	China - Qiaowan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Xiangtan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.		800	6400	2017	Thyr	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	???
North Shanxi - Nanjing	China - North Shanxi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Nanjing Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.				2017	Thyr		???
Northwest Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Xinsong Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Dongfang Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1953	800	5000	2018	Thyr		???
Xilin Hot - Taizhou	China - Xilin Hot Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Taizhou Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.		800	10000	2017	Thyr		???
Yinchuan - Zhuji	China - Yinchuan Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	China - Zhuji Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.		800	6400	2017	Thyr	HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	???
Dianxibei - Guangdong	China-Lijiang	China-Zhengzhen	1928/0	800	5000	2017	Thyr	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd	???
Jinsha River II - Fujian	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Humeng - Liaoning	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Rudong Offshore Wind Connector	China - Jiangsu Rudong	China - Jiangsu Rudong Platform	100 (100/0)	400	1100	2022	IGBT	Suppliers: XJ and RXHK for valve, ZTT Cable
Sheyang Offshore Wind Connector	China - Jiangsu Sheyang	China - Jiangsu Sheyang Platform	83 (83/0)	250	1100	2022	IGBT
Zhangbei DC Grid Project	China - Beijing	China - Zhangbei China - Fengning China - Kangbao	495 (0/495)	500	3000/3000/1500/1500	2021	IGBT	Four terminal DC Grid Suppliers: NR Electric, others	^[40]
Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line Project	Pakistan - Matiari , Sindh.	Pakistan - Lahore, Punjabe.	886	660	4000	Sept,2021	Thyristor	±660 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter/ Grounding Electrode Stations	^[41]
Wudongde multi-terminal UHVDC demonstration project	China - Yunnan	China - Guangxi China - Guangdong	1489 (0/1489)	800	8000/3000/5000	2021	Thyr/IGBT	Three terminal Hybrid DC system, Yunnan (Thyristor), Guangdong and Guangxi (IGBT)
Raigarh-Pugalur	India - Raigarh Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	India - Pugalur Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1830	800	6000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[42]
New HVDC Hokkaido-Honshu	Japan - Imabetsu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Japan - Hokuto Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	122 (24/98)	250	300	2019	IGBT	suppliers: Toshiba	^[43]^[44]

यूरोप

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Malta–Sicily interconnector	Malta	Italy - Ragusa, Sicily	95	220	200	2015		Dismantled
Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission	Germany - Miesbach	Germany - Munich	58 (0/58)	2	0.0025	1882	Single machine	Demonstration facility Dismantled
Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme	Italy - Gorzente River	Italy - Genoa	?	6	?	1889	Thury	Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km Dismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - ?	Switzerland - ?	?	14	?	1897	Thury	Dismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - St. Maurice	Switzerland - Lausanne	?	22	3.7	1899	Thury	Dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme	France - Lyon	France - Moutiers	200 (10/190)	75	30	1906	Thury	Dismantled in 1936
Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme	UK - Wilesden	UK - Ironbridge	?	100	?	1910	Thury	Dismantled
Chambéry DC transmission scheme	France - ?	France - ?	?	150	?	1925	Thury	Dismantled in 1937
HVDC Zurich-Wettingen	Switzerland - Wettingen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Switzerland - Zurich	20 (0/20)	50	0.5	1939	Merc	Experimental facility built by BBC Dismantled
HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg	4.6 (0/4.6)	100	14	1942	Merc	Experimental facility built by Siemens Dismantled in 1945
Lehrte-Misburg HVDC	Germany - Lehrte Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - Hannover/Misburg	?	80	16	1944	Merc	Experimental facility Dismantled
Elbe-Project	Germany - Vockerode Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	115 (115/0)	200	60	1945	Merc	Never placed in service Dismantled
HVDC Trollhättan-Mellerud	Sweden - Trollhättan	Sweden - Mellerud	50 (0/50)	45	6.5	1946	Merc	Experimental facility built by ASEA Dismantled
Moscow–Kashira	Russia - Moscow Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Russia - Kashira	100 (100/0)	200	30	1951	Merc	Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project Shut down	^[1]
Gotland 1	Sweden - Västervik Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Yigne Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	98 (98/0)	200	20	1954	Merc	World's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABB in 1970, decommissioned in 1986	^[1]^[45]
Cross-Channel	France - Echingen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - Lydd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	64 (64/0)	100	160	1961	Merc	Shut down in 1984	^[1]
Volgograd-Donbass	Russia - Volzhskaya Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	475 (0/475)	400	750	1965	Merc/Thyr	Shut down in 2014	^[1]
Konti-Skan 1	Denmark - Vester Hassing Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Stenkullen Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	176 (87/89)	250	250	1965	Merc	Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors	^[1]
SACOI 1	Italy - Suvereto Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)	France- Lucciana Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ; Codrongianos, Italy Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	483 (365/118)	200	200	1965	Merc	Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme. The line reused by SACOI 2, see below.	^[1]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - London-Beddington Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	85 (85/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Bipolar scheme Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987	^[46]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth	UK - London-Willesden Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	111 (111/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
Skagerrak 1 + 2	Denmark - Tjele Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Norway - Kristiansand Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	230 (130/100)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007	^[47]^[48]^[49]
Gotland 2	Sweden - Västervik Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Yigne Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	99.5 (92.9/6.6)	150	130	1983	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Interconnexion France Angleterre (new)	France - Les Mandarins Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - Sellindge Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	72 (72/0)	270	2000	1986	Thyr	2 bipolar systems Supplier: Alstom	^[1]^[50]
Gotland 3	Sweden - Västervik Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Yigne Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	98 (98/0)	150	130	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Konti-Skan 2	Denmark - Vester, Hassing Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Lindome Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	147 (87/60)	285	300	1988	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Fenno-Skan	Finland - Rauma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Dannebo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	233 (200/33)	400	500	1989	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
SACOI 2	Italy - Suvereto Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.)	France- Lucciana Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ; Codrongianos, Italy Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	422 (118/304)	200	300	1992	Thyr	Multiterminal scheme Supplier: Alstom
Skagerrak 3	Denmark - Tjele Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Norway - Kristiansand Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	230 (130/100)	350	440	1993	Thyr	Supplier: Nexans ABB	^[47]
Baltic Cable	Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Kruseberg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	262 (250/12)	450	600	1994	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Kontek	Denmark - Bjæverskov Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - Bentwisch Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	170 (170/0)	400	600	1996	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Hellsjön-Grängesberg	Sweden - Hellsjön Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Grängesberg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	10 (0/10)	180	3	1997	IGBT	Experimental HVDC Supplier: ABB
Visby-Nas	Sweden - Nas Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Visby Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	70 (70/0)	80	50	1999	Thyr
SwePol	Poland - Wierzbięcin Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Stärnö Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	245 (245/0)	450	600	2000	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[51]
Tjæreborg	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	4.3 (4.3/0)	9	7	2000	IGBT	Interconnection to wind power generating stations
Italy-Greece	Greece - Arachthos Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Italy - Galatina Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	310 (200/110)	400	500	2001	Thyr
Moyle	UK - Auchencrosh Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	63.5 (63.5/0)	250	500	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans	^[52]
HVDC Troll	Norway - Kollsnes Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Norway - Offshore platform Troll A Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	70 (70/0)	60	80	2004	IGBT	Power supply for offshore gas compressor Supplier: ABB	^[53]
Estlink	Finland - Espoo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Estonia - Harku Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	105 (105/0)	150	350	2006	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[53]
NorNed	Netherlands - Eemshaven Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Norway - Feda Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	580 (580/0)	450	700	2008	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	^[53]
BritNed	UK - Grain Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Netherlands - Maasvlakte Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	245 (245/0)	450	1000	2010	Thyr	Operational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens	^[53]^[54] ^[55]^[56]
StoreBælt	Denmark - Fraugde Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Denmark - Herslev Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	56 (56/0)	400	600	2010	Thyr	Operational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens	^[53]
Cometa	Spain - Morvedre Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Spain - Santa Ponsa Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	247 (247/0)	250	400	2011	Thyr	Expected completion 2011 Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables)	^[53]
Fenno-Skan 2	Finland - Rauma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Finnbole Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	303 (200/103)	500	800	2011	Thyr
SAPEI	Italy - Latina Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Italy - Fiume Santo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	435 (435/0)	500	1000	2011	Thyr	The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB	^[53]^[57]^[58]
Valhall HVDC	Norway - Lista Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform	292 (292/0)	150	78	2011	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	^[59]^[60]
BorWin1	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Alpha platform	200 (200/0)	±150	400	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[61]^[62]^[63]
East West Interconnector	Ireland - Woodland Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - Shotton, Wales Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	130 (130/0)	±200	500	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[64]
Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade	Finland - Rauma	Sweden - Finnböle	233 (200/33)	400	500	2013	Thyr	Upgrade Supplier:ABB	^[65]^[66]^[67]
Estlink 2	Finland - Anttila Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Estonia - Püssi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	171 (157/14)	450	650	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans
ÅL-link	Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Åland - Ytterby	158 (158/0)	80	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[68]^[69]^[70]
BorWin2	Germany - Diele Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - BorWin Beta platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	200 (200/0)	±300	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[71]
DolWin1	Germany - Heede Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - DolWin Alpha platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	165 (165/0)	±320	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier:ABB	^[72]
HelWin1	Germany - Büttel Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - HelWin Alpha platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	130 (130/0)	±250	576	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[73]
HelWin2	Germany - Büttel Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - HelWin Beta platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	130 (130/0)	±320	690	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
INELFE	France - Baixas Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Spain - Santa Llogaia Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	64 (64/0)	±320	2000	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian. €700m, 8 km tunnel near HSR	^[74] ^[75]^[76]^[77]
LitPol Link HVDC is B2B	Lithuania - Alytus	Poland - Elk	160 (0/160)	70	500	2015²^[78]	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[79]^[80]^[81]
NordBalt	Sweden - Nybro Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Lithuania - Klaipėda Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	450 (450/0)	300	700	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[82]
Skagerrak 4	Denmark - Tjele Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Norway - Kristiansand Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	244 (244/0)	500	700	2015	IGBT	Suppliers: Nexans, ABB	^[83]
SylWin1	Germany - Büttel Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - SylWin Alpha platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	205 (205/0)	±320	864	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[84]
Troll A 3&4	Norway - Kollsnes	Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform	70 (70/0)	66	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90]
DolWin2	Germany - Heede Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - DolWin Beta platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	135 (135/0)	±320	900	2016	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[91]
SydVästlänken	Sweden - Barkeryd Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Sweden - Hurva Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	260 (197/63)	±300	2x720	2021	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom
DolWin3	Germany - Heede Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - DolWin Gamma platform Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	160 (160/0)	±320	900	2017	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom	^[92]
HVDC MON.ITA Project	Italy-Cepagatti Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Montenegro - Lastva Grbaljska Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	415 (415/0)	±500	1000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables).	^[93]^[94]^[95]
Western HVDC Link	UK - Hunterston Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - Flintshire Bridge Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	422 (422/0)	600	2200	2017-18	Thyr	Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens First subsea 600kV link	^[96]^[97]
Caithness - Moray Link³	UK - Spittal Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	UK - Blackhillock Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	160	320	1200	2018	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[98]^[99]
BorWin3	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Gamma platform	200 (200/0)	±320	900	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
COBRAcable	Denmark - Endrup via Fanø Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Netherlands - Eemshaven Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	325	±320	700	2019⁴	IGBT	Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian, Cost € 449m	^[100]^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]
ElecLink	France - Les Mandarins	UK - Sellindge	70	320	1000	2022	IGBT	In the Channel Tunnel Cost €580m	^[105]^[106]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 1	Norway - Haugsneset	Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform	200 (200/0)	±80	100	2019	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, NKT	^[107]
DolWin5	Germany - Emden/Ost	Germany - DolWin Epsilon platform	130 (130/0)	±320	900	2024	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Aibel, Prysmian	^[108]
DolWin6	Germany - Emden/Ost	Germany - DolWin Zetaplatform	90 (90/0)	±320	900	2023	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Prysmian	^[109]
France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel	France, Grand-Île	Italy, Piossasco	190	±320	2x600	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables).	^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113]
Nemo Link	Belgium - near Bruges	UK - Richborough Energy Park	140 (140/0)	400	1000	2019	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens , cables: J-power systems^[114]	^[115]^[116]
ALEGrO	Belgium - Visé	Germany - Oberzier	100 (100/0)	320	1000	2020⁵	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens Cables: General Cable	^[117]^[118]^[119] ^[120] ^[121]
IFA-2	France - Tourbe, Normandie	UK - Chilling, Hampshire	204	320	1000	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[122]^[123]^[124]^[125]
NORD.LINK	Norway - Tonstad Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Germany - Wilster Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	623 (570/53)	525	1400	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[126]
North Sea Link	Norway - Kvilldal	UK - Blyth	730 (730/0)	515	1400	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans, MACH 3 Control & Protection	^[127]^[128]^[129]^[130]
Johan Svedrup Phase 2	Norway - Haugsneset	Norway - Johan Svedrup platform	200 (200/0)	±80	200	2022	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, NKT	^[107]
FAB Link	France - Menuel on Cherbourg Peninsula	UK - Exeter via Alderney	210 (210/0)	320	1400	2025	IGBT		^[131]^[132]
Shetland HVDC Connection	UK - Upper Kergord	UK - near Staxigoe^[133]	260 (260/0)	320	600	2024⁶	IGBT		^[134]^[135]
Western Isles HVDC connection	UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway	UK - Beauly	156	320	600	2021⁷			^[136]
EuroAsia Interconnector	Israel - Hadera, via Cyprus - Kofinou	Greece - Korakia, Crete	1208	500	2000	2023			^[137]^[138]
NorthConnect	Norway - Simadalen	UK - Peterhead	650	525	1400	2022	IGBT		^[139]^[140]
Viking Link	Denmark - Revsing	UK - Bicker Fen	740	525	1400	2023	IGBT	Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian and NKT	^[141]^[142]
EuroAfrica Interconnector	Egypt - Damietta - via Cyprus - Kofinou	Greece - Korakia, Crete	1396	500	2000	Cyprus - Egypt 2022, Cyprus - Greece 2023			^[143]^[144]^[145]^[146]
Eastern HVDC Link	UK - Peterhead	UK - Hawthorn	305	400	2000	2024			^[147]
Celtic Interconnector	Ireland	France	575	500	700	2026			^[148]
Dogger Bank A	UK - Creyke Beck	UK - Dogger Bank A platform	207 (207/0)	320	1200	2024	IGBT	Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable	^[149]^[150]
Dogger Bank B	UK - Creyke Beck	UK - Dogger Bank B platform	207 (207/0)	320	1200	2024	IGBT	Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable	^[149]^[150]
Greenlink	Ireland – County Wexford	UK – Pembrokeshire, Wales	200	320	500	2024
SüdOstLink	Germany – Wolmirstedt	Germany – Landshut	500	525	2000	2025			^[151]
SuedLink DC3	Germany - Brunsbuettel 53°53'47.4"N 9°11'47.6"E	Germany - Grossgartach 49°08'36.2"N 9°09'03.9"E	700	±525	2000	2027	IGBT	Suppliers: VSC substations: Siemens Energy, DC cable: nkt Common project of Tennet TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project
SuedLink DC4	Germany - Wilster 53°55'14.3"N 9°20'34.8"E	Germany - Bergrheinfeld 49°59'22.4"N 10°09'02.9"E	550	±525	2000	2027	IGBT	Supplier substations: tbd dc cable: Prysmian Common project of TenneT TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project
NeuConnect	Germany - Wilhelmshaven	UK - Isle of Grain	725	±525	1400	2028

² 9 दिसंबर 2015 तक, LitPol Link ने परीक्षण संचालन शुरू कर दिया।^[152]
³ कैथनेस मोरे एचवीडीसी स्कॉटलैंड के उत्तर में कई अक्षय ऊर्जा स्रोतों की सेवा करता है - नक्शा देखें^[136]
⁴ 2016 में रखे जाने वाले अनुबंध।
⁵ एलिया का कहना है कि निर्माण 2017 के अंत में शुरू होने की उम्मीद है। ⁶ दिनांक वह है जो शेटलैंड विंड फ़ार्म का समर्थन करने के लिए उद्धृत किया गया है जिसमें SSE एक आंशिक निवेशक है।^[153]
⁷ परामर्श के बाद 2017 में अपेक्षित परियोजना पर निर्णय - SSE PD संदर्भ देखें।

उत्तरी अमेरिका

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady	USA - Mechanicville,NY Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - Schenectady, NY	37 (0/37)	12	5	1932	Merc	Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz Dismantled after WW II	^[154]
Vancouver Island 1	Canada - Delta, BC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - North Cowichan, BC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	75 (42/33)	260	312	1968 - 2014	Merc	Supplier: ASEA	^[1]
Pacific DC Intertie	USA - Celilo, OR Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - Sylmar, CA Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1362 (0/1362)	±500	3100	1970	Thyr	Transmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, General Electric In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens	^[1]^[155]^[156]
Nelson River Bipole 1	Canada - Gillam, Manitoba Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	895 (0/895)	463.5	1854	1971	Thyr	Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Original supplier: English Electric. In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom. In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens.	^[1]^[157]
Vancouver Island 2	Canada - Delta, BC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - North Cowichan, BC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	75 (33/42)	280	370	1977 - 2016	Thyr	Supplier: General Electric	^[1]
Square Butte	USA - Center, ND (Young) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	749 (0/749)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: General Electric In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB	^[1]^[158]^[159]
Nelson River Bipole 2	Canada - Sundance, Manitoba Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	940 (0/940)	500	2000	1978-1985	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]^[157]
CU	USA - Underwood, ND (Coal Creek) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	687 (0/687)	400	1000	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB	^[1]^[160]
Path 27	USA - Intermountain, UT Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - Adelanto, CA Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	785 (0/785)	±500	1920	1986	Thyr
Quebec - New England Transmission	Canada - Radisson, Quebec OpenStreetMap Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - Nicolet, QC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; USA - Ayer, MA Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1105 (5/1100)	450	2250	1991	Thyr	3 terminals^{[dubious – discuss]} Converter stations near Windsor, Quebec and Monroe, New Hampshire were decommissioned in 2007. Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Cross Sound Cable	USA - New Haven, Connecticut Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - Shoreham, New York Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	40 (40/0)	150	330	2002	IGBT	Buried underwater cable Supplier: ABB	^[161]
Neptune Cable	USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA -Sayreville, NJ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	105 (105/0)	500	660	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[162]
Trans Bay Cable	USA - Pittsburg, California Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	USA - San Francisco, CA Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	85 (85/0)	200	400	2010	IGBT	First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli	^[163]^[164]^[165]
Eastern Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Newell, AB Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada – Heathfield, AB Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	485 (0/485)	500	1000	2015/2016	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[166]
Western Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Genesee, AB Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada – Langdon, AB Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	350 (0/350)	500	1000	2015	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[166]^[167]
Nelson River Bipole 3	Canada - Keewatinohk, Manitoba Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - Riel, Manitoba Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	1324 (0/1324)	500	2000	2018	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]^[157]
Labrador-Island Link	Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL	Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL	1135 (35/1100)	350	900	2017	Thyr	Drilling for cable landfall began in 2014. Supplier: Alstom Grid	^[168]^[169]
Maritime Link	Canada - Bottom Brook, NL Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Canada - Woodbine, NS Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	360 (170/190)	200	500	2017	IGBT	Right-of-way clearing began in 2014. Supplier: ABB	^[170]^[171]^[172]^[173]
New England Clean Power Line	USA - Alburgh, VT	USA - Ludlow, VT	248 (248/0)	320	1000	2020			^[174]^[175]
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Cable Connection	Canada - Percé, QC	Canada - Cap-aux-Meules, QC	225 (225/0)	?	80	2025	?	Buried undersea and underground	^[176]
Rock Island Clean Line	USA - O'Brien County, IA	USA - Grundy County, IL	805 (0/805)	600	3500	?	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[177]
TransWest Express	USA – Sinclair, WY	USA – Boulder City, NV	1165 (0/1165)	600	3000	?			^[178]^[179]^[180]
Grain Belt Express	USA - Ford County, KS	USA - Sullivan County, IN	750 (0/750)	600	3500	?
SOO Green	USA - Mason City, Iowa	USA - Plano, Illinois	563	525	2100	2023		Buried along railroad right-of-way Supplier: Siemens	^[181]
Clean Path NY	USA - Upstate New York	USA - New York City	280		1300	?			^[182]
Champlain Hudson Power Express	Canada–New York border	USA - New York City	545		1250	2025			^[183]

दक्षिण अमेरिका

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Itaipu 1	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	785 (0/785)	600	3150	1984	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Itaipu 2	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	805 (0/805)	600	3150	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Rio Madeira	Brazil, Porto Velho Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	Brazil, Araraquara Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	2375 (0/2375)	600	7100	2013	Thyr	The longest transmission link in the world Suppliers: ABB, Alstom	^[184]
Xingu-Estreito (aka, Belo Monte 1)	Brazil - Anapu, Pará	Brazil - Ibiraci, Minas Gerais	2077 (0/2077)	800	4000	2017	Thyr	Supplier: SIEMENS	^[185]
Xingu-Rio (aka, Belo Monte 2)	Brazil - Pará	Brazil - Rio de Janeiro	2550	800	4000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: NARI/XD/CET	^[185]

बैक टू बैक

Name	Location	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Carnegie Steel Company B2B	USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	?	?	?	Merc	built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled	^[186]
Sakuma B2B	Japan - Sakuma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	125	300	1965	Merc	replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Eel River B2B	Canada - Eel River, NB Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	80	320	1972	Thyr	life extension project 2014	^[187]^[188]
David A. Hamil B2B	USA - Stegall, Nebraska Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±50	100	1977	Thyr	Supplier: GE
Shin Shinano B2B	Japan - Shin Shinano Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	125	600	1977	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi
Acaray B2B	Paraguay - Ciudad de Este Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	25.6	50	1981	Thyr
Vyborg B2B	Russia - Vyborg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±85	1065	1982	Thyr	extended up to 1420 MW in 2001
Dürnrohr B2B	Austria - Dürnrohr Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	145	550	1983	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B	USA - Artesia, NM Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	82	200	1983	Thyr
Chateauguay B2B	Canada – Châteauguay, QC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	140	1000	1984	Thyr	Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009	^[189]^[190]
Oklaunion B2B	USA - Oklaunion, TX Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	82	200	1984	Thyr	ABB replacement in 2014	^[191]^[192]
Blackwater, New Mexico B2B	USA - Blackwater, NM Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	57	200	1984	Thyr	Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009	^[193]^[194]
Madawaska, Quebec B2B	Canada - Dégelis, QC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	140	350	1985	Thyr
Miles City, Montana B2B	USA - Miles City, MT Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	82	200	1985	Thyr
Highgate, VT B2B	USA - Highgate, VT Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	56	200	1985	Thyr	Refurbishment by ABB in 2012,	^[195]
Uruguaiana B2B	Brazil - Uruguaiana Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	17.9	53.9	1986	Thyr
Broken Hill B2B	Australia - Broken Hill Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	8.33	40	1986	Thyr
Virginia Smith B2B	USA - Sidney, NE Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	50	200	1988	Thyr		^[196]
Vindhyachal B2B	India - Vindhyachal Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	176	500	1989	Thyr
McNeill B2B	Canada - Mc Neill, AB Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	42	150	1989	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Wolmirstedt B2B	Germany - Wolmirstedt Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	160	600	(1992)	Thyr	construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
Etzenricht B2B	Germany - Etzenricht Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	160	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2B	Austria - Vienna Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	142	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Chandrapur B2B	India - Chandrapur Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	205	2x500	1998	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B	USA - Titus County, TX Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	162	600	1998	Thyr
Garabi HVDC	Brazil - Garabi Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±70	2200	1999	Thyr	Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB .	^[197]
Vizag 1	India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	205	500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Minami-Fukumitsu B2B	Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	125	300	1999	Thyr
Rivera B2B	Uruguay - Rivera Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	22	70	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Eagle Pass, Texas B2B	USA - Eagle Pass, TX Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	15.9	36	2000	IGBT
Sasaram B2B	India - Sasaram Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	205	500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Rapid City DC Tie B2B	USA - Rapid City, SD Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	13	200	2003	Thyr		^[198]^[199]
Vizag 2	India - Visakhapatnam Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	176	500	2005	Thyr	Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids.	^[200]
Lingbao B2B	China - Lingbao Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	168	360	2005	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010: Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd	^[201]^[202]
Lamar Co., Colorado B2B	USA - Lamar, CO Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	63.6	210	2005	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC)	^[203]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2B	Japan - Shimuzu Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	125	300	2006	Thyr
Sharyland B2B	USA - Mission, TX Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	21	150	2007	Thyr
Al Fadhili B2B	Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	222	3x600	2008	Thyr	Used mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom	^[204]
Outaouais B2B	Canada - Buckingham, QC Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	315	2x625	2009	Thyr	Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB	^[53]
Heihe B2B	China - Heihe Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±125	750	2011	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)^[205]
Gaoling B2B	China - Gaoling Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±500	1500	2008	Thyr
Shandong - East B2B	China		1200	2011	Thyr
Melo B2B	Uruguay - Melo Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±79	500	2011	Thyr	Supplier:Alstom
North - Central B2B	China		1000	2012	Thyr
Rio Madeira B2B	Brazil – Porto Velho Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	100	600	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB^[206]	^[207]^[208]^[209]^[210]
Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project)	USA - Ridgefield, NJ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	185	660	2013	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens^[211]
Bheramara B2B	Bangladesh – Bheramara Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	158	500	2013	Thyr
Akhaltsikhe B2B	Georgia - Akhaltsikhe Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	96	700	2013	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[212]
Mackinac B2B	USA - Saint Ignace, MI Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	70	200	2014	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[213]
Railroad DC Tie	USA - Mission, TX Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	21	150	2014	Thyr
Alytus B2B	Lithuania - Alytus Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±70	500	2015	Thyr		^[214]
Mogocha B2B	Russia - Mogocha Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±32	2x100	2017	IGBT		^[215]
Yu - E B2B	China-ChongQing, China-Hubei	±420	4x1250	2017	VSC-HVDC	Supplier: XJ Group Corporation(2x1250MW), C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd(1x1250MW), Rongxin Power Electronic Co.,Ltd. (1x1250MW)
Khani B2B	Russia - Khani Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±32	2x100	2019	IGBT		^[215]
Van B2B	Turkiye - İran Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	420	600	2021	IGBT	Supplier:NR-TEIAS
Bentwisch B2B	Germany - Bentwisch Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	±140	410	2019	IGBT
Tres Amigas SuperStation	USA - Clovis, NM	?	5000	?	IGBT

मैप्स

यूरोप

Existing

Under construction

Options under consideration

पश्चिमी यूरोप में मध्यम से बड़े एचवीडीसी इंटरकनेक्शन as of 2019.

# शेटलैंड एचवीडीसी कनेक्शन

कैथनेस - मोरे लिंक
पश्चिमी द्वीप एचवीडीसी कनेक्शन
नॉर्थकनेक्ट
उत्तरी सागर लिंक : क्विल्डल, नॉर्वे - ब्लीथ, यूके
पूर्वी एचवीडीसी लिंक
एचवीडीसी मोयल: ऑचेनक्रॉश, यूके - बालीक्रोनन मोर, उत्तरी आयरलैंड, यूके
पश्चिमी एचवीडीसी लिंक
पूर्व-पश्चिम इंटरकनेक्टर: लीनस्टर, आयरलैंड - शोटन, वेल्स, यूके
सेल्टिक इंटरकनेक्टर
FAB लिंक
आइएफए-2
HVDC क्रॉस-चैनल: लेस मंदारिन्स, फ्रांस - सेलिंडगे, यूके
निमो लिंक
BritNed: यूके - नीदरलैंड्स
आचेन लीज इलेक्ट्रिसिटी ग्रिड ओवरले (ALEGrO)^[216]
वाइकिंग लिंक
HVDC DolWin1, HVDC DolWin2, HVDC DolWin3
एचवीडीसी सिलविन1
एचवीडीसी हेलविन1, एचवीडीसी हेलविन2
एचवीडीसी बोरविन1, एचवीडीसी बोरविन2, एचवीडीसी बोरविन3
NorNed: Feda, नॉर्वे - Eemshaven, नीदरलैंड्स
NORD.LINK: जर्मनी - नॉर्वे
Skagerrak (पॉवर ट्रांसमिशन सिस्टम) 1, 2, 3, और 4: त्जेले, डेनमार्क - क्रिस्टियनसैंड, नॉर्वे
Konti-Skan 1 और 2: वेस्टरहासिंग, डेनमार्क - स्टेनकुलेन, स्वीडन
ग्रेट बेल्ट पावर लिंक|स्टोरबेल्ट: फनन, डेनमार्क - ज़ीलैंड, डेनमार्क
बाल्टिक केबल: लुबेक- हेरेनविक, जर्मनी - क्रुसेबर्ग, स्वीडन
Kontek: Bjæverskov, डेनमार्क - Bentwisch, जर्मनी
SydVästlänken
SwePol: Stärnö, स्वीडन – Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), पोलैंड
LitPol लिंक
नॉर्डबाल्ट
HVDC विस्बी-एनएएस
HVDC गोटलैंड: वैस्टरविक, स्वीडन - Ygne, स्वीडन
Fenno-Skan: राउमा, फ़िनलैंड - Dannebo, स्वीडन, Fenno-Skan 2
Åएल लिंक
Estlink: हरकू, एस्टोनिया - एस्पू, फ़िनलैंड
एस्टलिंक 2
Cometa (HVDC)|Cometa: वालेंसिया, स्पेन - Majorca , स्पेन
अयोग्य
HVDC इटली-कोर्सिका-सार्डिनिया: SACOI - Codrongianos, सार्डिनिया, इटली - Lucciana, Corsica, फ्रांस - Suvereto, इटली (मुख्य भूमि)
SAPEI, सार्डिनिया - इतालवी मुख्य भूमि
एचवीडीसी सोम.आईटीए परियोजना
HVDC इटली-ग्रीस: अरचथोस, ग्रीस - गैलाटिना, इटली
यूरोएशिया इंटरकनेक्टर
यूरोअफ्रीका इंटरकनेक्टर
ग्रीनलिंक

यह भी देखें

[[ एशियाई सुपर ग्रिड ]]
डेजर्टेक
इलेक्ट्रोड लाइन
यूरोपीय सुपर ग्रिड
हाई-वोल्टेज डायरेक्ट करंट
उच्च वोल्टेज भूमिगत और पनडुब्बी केबलों की सूची
ल्योन-माउटियर्स डीसी ट्रांसमिशन स्कीम
स्कॉटलैंड-नॉर्वे इंटरकनेक्टर
एचवीडीसी कनवर्टर स्टेशन
सुपर ग्रिड
पनडुब्बी बिजली केबल
ट्रांसमिशन टावर
एक लैम
वाल्व हॉल

संदर्भ

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 ^1.21 ^1.22 ^1.23 ^1.24 ^1.25 ^1.26 ^1.27 ^1.28 ^1.29 ^1.30 ^1.31 ^1.32 ^1.33 ^1.34 ^1.35 ^1.36 ^1.37 ^1.38 ^1.39 ^1.40 ^1.41 ^1.42 ^1.43 ^1.44 ^1.45 ^1.46 ^1.47 HVDC Projects List, March 2012 - Existing or Under Construction (PDF) Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, Ece.uidaho.edu, accessed in February 2014
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "ABB wins $50 million HVDC order in Mozambique". Abb.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". Abb.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "ABB wins $107 million power order in Africa". Abb.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "Winne.com - Report on Congo DRC, Paving the reconstruction". Winne.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "ABB commissions Caprivi link". 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
↑ "Energy crisis: Longest cable in WORLD will be based in Britain and power 7million homes". www.express.co.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
↑ "The Morocco - UK Power Project". xlinks.co. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
↑ "Basslink". Basslink.com.au. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ Joerg Dorn; Dietmar Retzmann; Cristen Schimpf; Dag Soerangr (2007-11-06). "HVDC Solutions for System Interconnection and Advanced Grid Access" (PDF). EPRI HVDC Conference 2007-09-13 to 14. Siemens: 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
↑ "HVDC Inter-Island Link Project - Transpower". Transpower New Zealand. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
↑ "Fact Sheet - 1500 MW Marinus Link - Nov 2021" (PDF). www.marinuslink.com.au. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "HVDC in China" (PDF). Dsius.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "ROLE OF THREE GORGES - CHANGZHOU HVDC IN INTERCONNECTING CENTRAL AND EAST CHINA" (PDF). ABB. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd". 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd". 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
↑ "References - ABB". New.abb.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
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स्रोत

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