Template:/æ/ raising in North American English

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/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Following
consonant 		Example
words[2] 		New York City,
New Orleans[3] 		Philadelphia[4] General US,
New England,
Western US 		Midland US,
Pittsburgh 		Southern
US 		Canada,
Northern
Mountain US 		Minnesota,
Wisconsin 		Great Lakes
US
Non-prevocalic
/m, n/ 		fan, lamb, stand [ɛə][5][upper-alpha 1][upper-alpha 2] [ɛə][5] [ɛə] [ɛə~ɛjə][8] [ɛə][9] [ɛə][10]
Prevocalic
/m, n/ 		animal, planet,
Spanish 		[æ]
/ŋ/[11] frank, language [ɛː~eɪ][12] [æ][11] [æ~æɛə][8] [ɛː~ɛj][9] [eː~ej][13]
Non-prevocalic
/ɡ/ 		bag, drag [ɛə][upper-alpha 1] [æ][upper-alpha 3] [æ][5]
Prevocalic /ɡ/ dragon, magazine [æ]
Non-prevocalic
/b, d, ʃ/ 		grab, flash, sad [ɛə][upper-alpha 1] [æ][14] [ɛə][14]
Non-prevocalic
/f, θ, s/ 		ask, bath, half,
glass 		[ɛə][upper-alpha 1]
Otherwise as, back, happy,
locality 		[æ][upper-alpha 4]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (alas, carafe, lad, etc.) have [æ].[6]
  2. ↑ In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, and swam have [æ].[7]
  3. ↑ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this context have [ɛə].[6]
  4. ↑ In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like avenue being tense) and variability is common before /dʒ/ and /z/ as in imagine, magic, and jazz.[15]
    In New Orleans, [ɛə] additionally occurs before /v/ and /z/.[16]
  1. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182.
  2. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174.
  3. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 260–261.
  4. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 238–239.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 173.
  7. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 238.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 178, 180.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Boberg (2008), p. 145.
  10. ↑ Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2; Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–177.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 183.
  12. ↑ Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008).
  13. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–182.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
  15. ↑ Labov (2007), p. 359.
  16. ↑ Labov (2007), p. 373.
Template documentation

Required references

This template requires the following works be cited elsewhere in the article using Template:Cite xxx or {{citation}}.

  • Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2.
  • Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648.
  • Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.
  • Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845.
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
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